The Perception about Effectiveness of Capital Punishment as A Determining Factor in Punjab
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36755/khaldunia.v3i1.76Abstract
Public perception about capital punishment in Pakistan has changed in the last few years. This perception is determined by numerous factors i.e., awareness about crimes and punishment. Capital punishment is very dangerous form of punishment which is used to control the serious crimes and consider as deterrence for the potential criminals. The risk of innocent execution and flaws in the police investigation system were also reason to oppose the capital punishment. It is quantitative cross-sectional study. According to Pakistan Crimes Statistics, crime rate is increasing day by day. Existing Literature on crime occurrence in Pakistan shows that crime rate is increasing rapidly due to poverty, urbanization, inflation and economic inequality among every field of life. The present research is quantitative in its nature. It is conducted in five district bar associations of Punjab Province. A sample of six hundred lawyers is randomly selected data is collected through self-administered questioner and statistically analyzed. The results of descriptive and inferential analysis shows that majority of the respondents supported capital punishment on account of many reasons while many other respondents opposed it on some other grounds. Multivariate analysis results pointed out a strong relationship between severity punishments and less cases of homicide. However, there was no relationship between the awareness of capital punishment and perceived effectiveness of capital punishment. There was an inverse relationship between reasons to oppose capital punishment and perceived effectiveness of capital punishment. The multi regression analysis revealed a strong association of awareness about punishment, crimes against person, crime against state and reasons to support capital punishment with effectiveness of capital punishment.
References
Ali, M. (2008). Youth Crime: Causes and Remedies. Beccaria, C. (2009). On crimes and punishments and other writings. University of Toronto Press.
Becker, G. S. (2006). Crime and punishment: an economic approach. Economic Analysis of the Law: Selected Readings, 255-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752135.ch25
Berk, R. (2005). New claims about executions and general deterrence: Déja Vu all over again? Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 2(2), 303-330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2005.00052.x
Burnett, J. (2017). Racial violence and the Brexit state. Race & Class, 58(4), 85-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396816686283
Carlsmith, K. M. (2006). The roles of retribution and utility in determining punishment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(4), 437-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.06.007
Carlsmith, K. M., Darley, J. M., & Robinson, P. H. (2002). Why do we punish? Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(2), 284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.2.284
Dao, J. (1995) "Pataki and Legislators Agree on a Plan for Death Penalty" The New York Times. February 16, 1995.
Dezhbakhsh, H., & Shepherd, J. M. (2006). The deterrent effect of capital punishment: Evidence from a “judicial experiment”. Economic Inquiry, 44(3), 512-535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbj032
Dezhbakhsh, H., Rubin, P. H., & Shepherd, J. M. (2003). Does capital punishment have a deterrent effect? New evidence from postmoratorium panel data. American Law and Economics Review, 5(2), 344-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahg021
Dölling, D., Entorf, H., Hermann, D., & Rupp, T. (2009). Is deterrence effective? Results of a meta-analysis of punishment. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 15(1-2), 201-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-008-9097-0
Durlauf, S. N., Fu, C., & Navarro, S. (2013). Capital punishment and deterrence: understanding disparate results. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29(1), 103-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9171-0
Ehrlich, I. "Deterrence: evidence and inference." Yale. LJ 85 (1975): 209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/795413
Ehrlich, I. (1977). Capital punishment and deterrence: Some further thoughts and additional evidence. Journal of Political Economy, 85(4), 741-788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/260598
Ehrlich, I. (1975). The deterrent effect of capital punishment: a question of life and death. American Economic Review 65, 397-417.
Ehrlich, I. (2006). The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death.
Ehrlich, I. (2008). The deterrent effect of capital punishment.In Economics, Law and Individual Rights (pp. 370-397).Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930885.ch16
Gillani, S. Y. M., Rehman, H. U., & Gill, A. R. (2009). Unemployment, poverty, inflation and crime nexus: cointegration and causality analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 79-98.
Goertzel, T., &Goertzel, B. (2008). Capital punishment and homicide rates: sociological realities and econometric distortions. Critical Sociology, 34(2), 239-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920507085519
Habbard, A. (2007). Slow March to the Gallows Death penalty in Pakistan: Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. Retrieved on 15 June 2017 from: http://www.refworld.org/docid/46f1469f0.html.
Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T. I., Farrington, D. P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R. F., Harachi, T. W., &Cothern, L. (2000). Predictors of Youth Violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e524202006-001
Hood, R. (2001). Capital punishment: A global perspective. Punishment & Society, 3(3), 331-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474501003003001
Jalil, H. H., & Iqbal, M. M. (2010). Urbanisation and crime: A case study of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 741-755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v49i4IIpp.741-755
Kovandzic, T. V., Vieraitis, L. M., & Boots, D. P. (2009). Does the death penalty save lives? Criminology & Public Policy, 8(4), 803-843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00596.x
Levitt, S. D., & Miles, T. J. (2007). Empirical study of criminal punishment. Handbook of law and economics, 1, 455-495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0730(07)01007-9
Leocadio, P. (2010). Evaluating the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment on Crime.
Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J., West, V., & Lloyd, J. (1999). Capital attrition: error rates in capital cases, 1973-1995. Tex. L. Rev., 78, 1839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.232712
Liu, Z. (2004). Capital punishment and the deterrence hypothesis: Some new insights and empirical evidence. Eastern Economic Journal, 30(2), 237-258.
Lowenstein, A. K. (2016). A “most serious crime”: Pakistan’s unlawful use of the death penalty.
Lynch, J. P., &Pridemore, W. A. (2011). Crime in international perspective. Crime and public policy, 5-52.
Mallett, S., Rosenthal, D., & Keys, D. (2005). Young people, drug use and family conflict: Pathways into homelessness. Journal of adolescence, 28(2), 185-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.02.002
Mc Gann, A., &Sandholtz, W. (2012). Patterns of Death Penalty Abolition, 1960–2005: Domestic and International Factors1. International Studies Quarterly, 56(2), 275-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00716.x
Mocan, H. N., &Gittings, R. K. (2003). Getting off death row: Commuted sentences and the deterrent effect of capital punishment. The Journal of Law and Economics, 46(2), 453-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/382603
Nadeem, A. H. (2002). Pakistan: The political economy of lawlessness. OUP Catalogue.
Pierce, G. L., &Radelet, M. L. (2010). Death Sentencing in East Baton Rouge Parish, 1990-2008. La. L. Rev., 71, 647.
Quinones, R. J. (2014). The Changes of Cain: Violence and the Lost Brother in Cain and Abel Literature. Princeton University Press.
Radelet, M. L., & Akers, R. L. (1996). Deterrence and the death penalty: The views of the experts. J. Crim. L. & Criminology, 87, 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1143970
Robinson, M. (2009a). Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice (3rd)
Savitz, L. D. (1955). Capital crimes as defined in American statutory law. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 46(3), 355-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1139418
Schabas, William A (2002). The abolition of the death penalty in international law. Cambridge DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494109
Shepherd, J. M. (2004). Murders of passion, execution delays, and the deterrence of capital punishment. The Journal of Legal Studies, 33(2), 283-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/421571
Wessel, J. L. (2017). The importance of allies and allied organizations: Sexual orientation disclosure and concealment at work. Journal of Social Issues, 73(2), 240-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12214
Zimmerman, P. R. (2004). State executions, deterrence, and the incidence of murder. Journal of Applied Economics, 7, 163-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2004.12040607
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Falak Sher , Mudasar Ali Nadeem, Dr. Muhammad Umar Zafar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
