Khaldunia - Journal of Social Sciences (KJSS) is an annual research journal of Social Sciences. It is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access publication established by the Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus. Khaldunia (KJSS) aims to enhance the research outcome through the publications of researchers and scholars in the fields of Social Sciences, Linguistics, and Literature from Pakistan and all over the world as well.
Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus
This paper explores the intellectual trajectories of Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938) and Syed Abul A‘la Maududi (1903–1979) under the theme “Converging Visions, Diverging Paths in Islamic Thought.” Both thinkers were pivotal in shaping the modern Islamic intellectual renaissance in South Asia. They shared a common concern over the decline of Muslim identity and the disintegration of Islamic spiritual vitality under colonial, secular, and materialist influences. Yet, their methods and emphases diverged significantly. Iqbal, a philosopher-poet, emphasised the spiritual and intellectual reconstruction of the Muslim self through his concept of khudi (selfhood) and his dynamic reinterpretation of Islamic metaphysics. He envisioned Islam not as a closed legal structure but as a living, evolving spiritual ideal rooted in the principle of tawḥīd (Divine Unity). Maududi, in contrast, formulated a systematic socio-political philosophy centred on ḥākimiyyat-e-ilāhiyyah (Divine Sovereignty) and the reestablishment of an Islamic order as the practical embodiment of faith. This paper argues that Iqbal provided the philosophical and spiritual foundations for Muslim revival in the modern age, whereas Maududi operationalised these ideals into a structured program for societal reform. By examining their convergences and divergences, the study demonstrates how both thinkers contributed uniquely to the ongoing project of Islamic intellectual renewal, offering complementary paths toward reasserting the spiritual and moral autonomy of the Muslim world. Their legacies continue to resonate in contemporary Islamic movements and discourses seeking harmony between faith, reason, and modernity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabayyal Hasani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research examines Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s profound philosophical concept of Khudi (Selfhood), as articulated across his poetic and philosophical oeuvre, to establish its direct and immediate relevance for addressing the complex psycho-social and existential challenges confronting global youth. The primary objective is to transcend a purely theoretical exegesis of Khudi and present it as a practical blueprint for self-discovery, character refinement, and assuming a dynamic leadership role in societal development in the 21st century. The core analysis reveals that Iqbal’s Khudi is a highly dynamic and essentialist construct, necessitating a continuous process of self-affirmation, rigorous self-purification, and purposeful self-expression. For the modern student, often assailed by the pressures of materialism and cultural dissonance, Khudi provides a profound moral and spiritual compass. Specifically, the concept addresses modern dilemmas by Countering Nihilism through asserting the ego's resilient and immortal potential; Fostering Ethical Leadership via the emphasis on Fakr (spiritual detachment); and Promoting Proactive Engagement by repeatedly invoking the youth to determined action (Amal-i-Paiham). In conclusion, the paper argues that the adoption and internalisation of Khudi’s principles are critically essential for empowering the modern generation to transition from passive recipients of external forces into active agents of intellectual and social revival.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Anwar Ul Haq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article explores the principles of leadership, ethical foundations, and practical guidance for the Muslim world through the lens of the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah, drawing on the teachings of Sayed Abul A’la Maududi and Allama Muhammad Iqbal. It argues that leadership extends beyond political authority or administrative control; rather, it represents a moral, intellectual and practical responsibility aimed at ensuring the welfare of the Ummah, promoting justice and advancing social reform. This article identifies the fundamental principles of leadership derived from the Holy Qur’an and the sayings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ, which include justice, accountability, moral integrity, knowledge, vision and close interaction with the people. Sayed Maududi linked leadership to intellectual, ethical and practical standards, while Allama Iqbal emphasised the role of selfhood, intellectual insight and spiritual training, connecting them with societal reform through concrete measures. Leadership, therefore, requires morality, knowledge and action, with its ultimate goal being the welfare of the Ummah, the intellectual and moral training of the youth and the promotion of social harmony. This article also presents a practical framework and recommendations that highlight leadership development, public engagement, youth guidance and initiatives for social reform. It concludes that integrating the guidance of the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah alongside the insights of Sayed Maududi and Allama Iqbal into curricula and practical training can nurture effective, ethical and visionary leadership in the Muslim world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Maulana Aijaz Ali Sodhar, Dr. Hafiz Sibghatullah Bhutto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pakistan has geography with much strategic importance regionally as well as globally. Pakistan situated at the crossroad of Central Asia, Middle East and South Asia. Pakistan has immense strategic significance due to its geographical location that it connects key regions. This article aims to explore the multidimensional significance of Pakistan's geography, focusing on its role in regional integration, development, and its geoeconomic and geopolitical importance for neighboring and regional countries. It also facilitates strategic and economic routes of the region which make it an important country in region as well as in world. The purpose of this article is to explore the multidimensional significance of the geography of Pakistan and its role in regional integration, development, geoeconomic and geopolitical importance for neighboring and regional countries. By examining Pakistan's connections with countries like China, India, Afghanistan, Iran, and the broader Middle East, this article sheds light on the intricate web of relationships and dependencies that underscore Pakistan's strategic value. The findings underscore the necessity for leveraging Pakistan's geographic advantages to promote regional cooperation and sustainable development, positioning Pakistan as a central player in the economic and political dynamics of the region and beyond.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Tahir, Mehwish Rasheed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE SOCIOLOGICAL TRENDS OF FAST FOOD AMONG YOUTH AND IMPLICATIONS ON THEIRHEALTH IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD
Eat healthy and live healthy" is one of the essential necessities for good health, but sadly, people's eating habits have changed in the modern world, and they now frequently consume foods that are bad for their health. Nobody has had enough time to properly think about what they are eating because of how much our lifestyles have changed, am I right? People's eating behavior has been impacted by globalization and urbanization, that have compelled them to consume high-calorie fast meals popularly called as junk food. In emerging nations, there is an increase in a number of ailments, including diabetes and coronary artery disease, which is mostly attributable to a consumption of dangerous fast food. In order to change people's eating habits from unbalanced to balanced and healthy ones, health-related education is required to address the extensive fast food consumption on a global scale and its effects on health Fast food consumption has been increasing steadily from across board in Pakistani culture, but it is notably high among young people. The purpose of the study is to investigate how fast food and fatty foods affect young people's health. District Faisalabad is the location of this study. First, respondents will be drawn from every one of the two randomly chosen tehsils and fast-food restaurants. One young respondent, in between ages of 15 and 29, will be interviewed for information from each selected household. The gathered information will be statistically examined, and the results will be presented as part of an M. Phil thesis.
Copyright (c) 2021 Asad Elahi, Muhammad awais (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
USE OF ONLINE INFORMATION BY THE UNIVERSITY RESEARCHSTUDENTS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF RESEARCH DISTRICT LAHORE
Academics, especially research students, are increasingly using online data assets (OIRs). According to statistics, MS students and college and university graduates both decide how frequently they use social networking platforms. The file also reveals that one of the most popular reasons college students apply to University Research University College is a "passion for evaluating data." Online reporting resources have appeared since the inception of the Internet, and these resources are becoming more and more well-liked among Internet users, particularly academics, researchers, and college students. These online knowledge sources have positive influence on Pakistan's study lifestyle as well. As a result, Pakistan has a more suited research culture. To do this, consider reading record ownership forms online; learn about the OIRs' offer and amount of importance; access to styles; access to methods; and the applicability of various types. With the study's goals in mind, quantitative study methods were used, and questionnaires were created to gather information from the respondents. A total of 18 people (60%) and 12 public universities (40 participants) took part in this poll. Out of 200 university studies, 16 (8% of the total) are from public institutions, and 80 (forty %) are from non-public universities in the area. 104 with an average pattern size (fifty-two present). In terms of gender ratio, 94 (47%) of the respondents were male and 146 (73%) were female, which is a fair response. Facts took on a numerical form and included scales for nominal, ordinal, programming language, and length ratio. More statistical resources are available to research undergraduates at public research universities than at private institutions. They needed more possessions and more access to options for the investigation's direction and craft. Standard because, at this time, university students studying humanities, social sciences, and technology most frequently access patterns through search engines like yahoo and google.
Copyright (c) 2021 Erum Munir, Hafiza Atiqa Munir, Hamna Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIAL COMMITMENT OF WORKING WOMEN AND INSTITUTIONAL SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THEIR EFFECT ON WORK PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY TEACHERS DISTRICT GUJRANWALA)
The idea of this investigation was to find out the social commitment issues facing working women and their effect on their work performance, this study look at the socioeconomic traits of their families whatever they must deal with as a result of their occupations in categorize to look into the connection between working women's income and job happiness. District "Gujranwala in Punjab is where this study was carried out. The study was conducted in Gujranwala District. The Punjabi government's labor, child welfare, nursing, and teaching departments were the main targets. 180 responses from the aforementioned department made up a sample (45 respondents from each working sector). A deliberate, straightforward method was employed to choose the samples. Equal opportunity in social, economic, educational, and political spheres should exist for men and women. Additionally, it is advised that help from NGOs that train women and provide human rights education be controlled. Additionally, it is necessary to set up training courses on gender-based violence for the police and prosecutors, motivating them to work as a team to support their families and the community. Data was gathered using an interview schedule that was created in consideration of the study's goals. With the aid of the program SPSS, data was examined and analyzed with the assist of descriptive statistic techniques.
educational and political opportunities to women
Copyright (c) 2021 Abdul Qadir , Abdul Raheem, Sharyar Ali Akbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Juvenile Delinquency is unlawful act committed by the individual below the age of 18 years. The study was aimed to find out the causes of juvenile delinquency in Punjab, Pakistan. The study was also aimed to find out the demographic and socioeconomic information of the respondents as well as to investigate the possible risk factors of delinquency. The nature of the study was qualitative and case study method was applied. The population of the study was juvenile delinquents from prisons of the Punjab, Pakistan. The multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of Districts, Jails & respondents. The tool for data collection was interview guide and sample size was comprised of eight in-depth case studies. It is concluded that there are several socioeconomic causes leading to juvenile delinquency. The respondents claimed that family dysfunctions including restrictive behavior, parental negligence, improper supervision, and parental unlawful behavior are linked with juvenile delinquency. Some respondents reported that the motivation by peers and friends for indulgence in deviancy and peer rejection also become the leading causes of delinquency. The study also concluded that deteriorated neighborhood, direct exposure to violence and fighting movies on media also considered as the risk factors toward delinquency among juveniles. Moreover, the poverty, illiteracy, poor educational performance at school and lack of moral education may turn juvenilesinto delinquents.
Copyright (c) 2021 Azka Murtaza, Dr. Yasir Nawaz Manj, Dr. Arshad Hussain Hashmi, , Muhammad Umar Zara, Dr. Manzoom Akhtar, Ali Asfand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHILDREN'S SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AT ELEMENTARY-LEVEL SCHOOLS IN PUNJAB PAKISTAN
This research was conducted for estimating the progress of the socio-economic development of students at elementary-level schools in Pakistan. This study will be significant for students who are taking their courses in education and benefit parents as they will do more to help the teachers to become more knowledgeable about their students and their environment. This study used a combination of quantitative data and qualitative data. The quantitative data ultimately showed a statistical percentage whereas qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The data was collected using observation from a private sector school where 30 students from class 6th were selected as a sample. The researcher did random sampling. The research used a comparative design. The quantitative data were analyzed using comparative statistics. The finding of the study suggests that respect is one of the important elements that should be promoted by teachers using different ways findings of this study can be used by school teachers to improve the socio-economic development of students. Results can also be used as the basis for further research on the role of socio-economics in the development of the learning of students.
Copyright (c) 2022 Abdul Raheem, Abdul Qadir, Muhammad Shahbaz Haidar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF HEAD TEACHERS AND TEACHERS PERFORMANCE AT SECONDARY LEVEL
The present study aimed to explore the effect of transformational leadership on teachers’ performance at secondary-level public schools in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. This study examined the effect of transformational leadership skills namely intellectual stimulation and individual consideration on teachers’ performance. The objectives of the study were to find out the level of the transformational leadership skills of the head teachers, and how these two factors individually influence the performance of secondary school teachers. A sample of 100 head teachers of public secondary schools was taken to conduct this study. Two self-developed questionnaires were used as research instruments to measure the two transformational leadership skills of the head teacher and secondary school teachers’ performance. Mean, standard deviation, and linear regression were used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that transformational leadership skills have a significant effect on teachers’ performance. Therefore, it is concluded that all of the two determinants of transformational leadership skills are significant predictors of the teachers’ performance. Moreover, the head teachers having age 51–60 years are more effective than all the other age groups. The results show that the head teachers possessing the administrative experience 21-30 years are more effective in leadership practices than the others administrative experience groups.
Copyright (c) 2021 Dr. M. Shafiq Ahmad, Dr. M. Naeem Ashraf , Muhammad Riaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN INVESTIGATION ABOUT PROBLEMS RELATED TO MENTAL ILLNESS AND DISORDER (A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT MUZAFFARGARH PUNJAB PAKISTAN)
Psychological and mental disorder is a problem that can affect both young and old men and women, it has nothing to do with physical health. Both physical and mental health are important for better performance and outcome at every stage of life and an emotionally fit and stable person always feels dynamic and truly alive. Pakistan has a lot of psychological issues. Psychological syndrome affect about 14 million persons in the country of Pakistan, People are experiencing psychological problems as a result of the first of these epidemics Psychological syndrome are denoting to an extensive choice of intellectual conditions, all of which have an impact on our mood, thinking capacity and human behavior. Depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, cognitive problems and collective behaviors are examples of mental disorders. Muzaffargarh & Layya district were select as the study universe. According to the district survey there are seven tehsil in both districts (Muzaffar garrh and Layya). In the 1st stage Tehsil Kot Addu, Muzaffar garrh, Chaubara and Tehsil Layya were selected as the universe and in 2nd stage two hospitals from each Tehsils were selected though the purposive sampling technique. Next with use of purposive sampling method 144 participants (36 participants from subset and 18 participants from in a hospital) were nominated for discussion. (SPSS) software is used to examine the composing records, and the moments were to make suitable commendations.
Copyright (c) 2021 Abdul Majeed, Dr. Sohail Amjid, Qazi Saeed, Muhammad Awais (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREVALENCE OF PARENTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE
A young child's experience in secondary to higher high school is intimidating and stressful. A high school may have a more complicated learning environment than an elementary school. When parents’ try to educate their children, they want the best educational performance and a high level of educational behavior. Many failures in children's educational performance are associated with bad behaviour, poor social environment, lack of income and parents’ involvement in their children's educational activities. At the same time, there has been limited study on parents’ involvement in educational activities and how parents’ influence high school children's educational performance. So, the study's objective was to analyze the dependency between parents’ involvement and the student's educational performance. Subsequently, the cross-sectional study was carried out from January to March 2022 in Multan city with 150 male students and 150 female students of tenth class from both public and private secondary level schools. Simple random sampling was used to choose six boys' high schools (one included a public school and one private school) and six girls' schools (one included a public school and one private school), equally presenting both public and private schools. An interview schedule was used to collect data about the study variables among the study respondents. The Qui-square was used to analyze the dependency between parents’ involvement and children's educational performance. The study's findings concluded that parents’ involvement and the student's educational performance are significantly dependent, and the high school student's educational performance is influenced by various perspectives of parents’ involvement in their children's educational activities and parents’ demographic characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2022 Zahid Hussain, Ghulam Yaseen , Mariam Mukhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF CABLE TELEVISION NETWORK ON CHILDREN’S SOCIALIZATION
The study was about to find out the impact of cable television network on children’s socialization. The main objective of the study was to determine the relationship between violent programs and aggression among children as well as to find out the affects of cable television on children’s educational outcome. The population of the present study was parents from District Sargodha and multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of tehsil, union councils as well as respondents by adopting simple random sampling technique and convenient sampling technique at different stages. The data was collected by structured questionnaire and SPSS was used for data analysis. The data was analyzed by univariate analysis and bi-variate analysis i.e., chi-square test was applied for hypothesis testing. Results showed that cable television is highly influenced on the socialization of the children as violent behavior is caused due to greater exposure to violent programs. It is also found that it becomes the reason of reducing parent-children interaction pattern due to greater interest in spending time while watching television programs. It is also found that it is a cause of learning uncultured language/words from that programs and children could not pay proper attention on their educational performance as well.
Copyright (c) 2022 Azka Murtaza, Dr. Yasir Nawaz Manj, Muhammad Umar Zara, Dr. Arshad Hussain Hashmi, Dr. Manzoom Akhtar, Ali Asfan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IS FUNCTIONAL FOOD BENEFICIAL TO HUMAN BEING? A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF PUNJAB PROVINCE, PAKISTAN
Recently area of FFs has gained popularity keeping in view their health benefits and has been investigated in the discipline of Foods and Nutritional Sciences globally. FFs provide best protection to human beings against many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, eye health, strokes, bowel health, hypertension bone health/osteoporosis and many more. The functional food products likely to help in maintaining the health of the skin and membranes, formation of red blood cells, improving in the development and maintenance teeth and bones, assisting building and repairing body tissues, building antibodies, lowering cholesterol level and promotes regularity. The prime objective of the study is to explore the consumers’ understanding, knowledge and awareness about health benefits of FFs. A multistage purposive random sampling design was used to interview four hundred consumers of FFs selected from sixteen super stores from the four major cities of Punjab province, Pakistan. Fisher et al. (1983) approach was used for deciding a representative sample size for having reliable research findings. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Analysis demonstrates that internet, dieticians, television/radio, physicians, family and family friends, nurses were the main sources for acquiring information about FFs. Analysis indicates that consumers had trust on government, research institutes, food retailers for providing information and statement about FFs. Analysis also demonstrates that majority of the respondents had the knowledge about the health benefits of FFs. They viewed that FFs is primarily used for physical wellness and to minimize the risk of number of diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, constipation, immunity. They also had knowledge that calcium is useful for strengthen bones, folic acid is used for reducing the risk of neural defects with unborn children. Lycopene improves the skin protection against ultra violet radiation, Omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for lowering cholesterol and dietary fibers minimize the risk of heart disease and colon cancer. It is suggested that useful information must be provided to customers and consumers which are provided by the trustworthy research institutes, medical doctors and nutrition consultants. As there is no regulatory mechanism to regulate FFs development in the country. It is difficult to identify whether it is a FF and is healthy. A healthy FF stamp of approval would help consumers about the safety and health benefits of FF and will reduce the confusion and increase knowledge and positive perceptions about the FF products.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Usman Zafar, Qing Ping, Shehreen Khan, Tong Chen, Muhammad Umar Zafar, Arbab Rauf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impacts of Climate Change on the Indus Basin Water Resources
Considering the socioeconomic significance of the Indus Basin, the effect of climate change on its water resources is a crucial concern. This study explores the effects of changing climate on the basin, looking at hydrological fluctuations and possible dangers to water supply. With its intricate hydrographic system, the Indus Basin faces difficulties like changing precipitation patterns, retreating glaciers, and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. The delicate balance of water supplies, which is essential for agriculture and a significant driver of the region's economy, is at risk due to these changes. The study highlights the need for adaptive measures by examining the complex effects on infrastructure, food security, and livelihoods. This paper seeks to provide important insights into the complex relationship between climate change and water resources in the Indus Basin, as well as the gaps in the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) under Homer Dixon's Scarcity Model.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ms. Zahida Jabeen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived Stress and Social and Emotional Loneliness Among Day Scholars and Hosteler Students
The current study aimed to investigate the association between perceived stress and social and emotional loneliness among day scholars and hosteler students. After the extensive evaluation of the literature following hypotheses were formulated 1). There would be a significant relationship between perceived stress and social and emotional loneliness among day scholars and hosteler students, 2). There would be significant differences in perceived stress and social and emotional loneliness among day scholars and hosteler students. 3). Gender would exhibit significant differences in perceived stress and social and emotional loneliness among day scholars and hosteler students. For this study total of 120 participants were selected through simple random sampling from different universities located in Lahore. For measuring the variables, the revised UCLA loneliness scale and the perceived stress scale were used. Expressive and illative statistics including Pearson correlation and independent sample T-Test regression analysis were functional.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Saleem Abbas, Kalsoom Yasin, Shammem Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leadership is a good challenge as stated by means of specialists who pursue the childhood field. Certain approaches performed previously have validated stress over the concept of undertakings and associations for children and their parents, which is recognized by the reasonable authorities which are in administrative conditions, in a typical early form of childhood training (Jorde-Bloom, 1992; Clyde and Rodd, 1995; Rodd, 1994). A few elements have added to the emphasis on authority. These incorporate weight for expanding professionalization and responsibility from inside and outside the calling and the need to construct, set up, and keep up validity with the individuals who utilize early childhood services. The monetary limitations that will work in the present atmosphere imply that leaders need to assume expanded liability for enabling all the individuals who are worried about early childhood; that is children, staff, and guardians. Rather than great youth leaders, everything has gotten easier, especially helping adults who are stressed over thoughts of children developing expertise by gaining knowledge. This will also help in making sense of filling in as a person and replying to the consistent demands for changes. The subjective research written about in this report looks at the administration's understanding and impression of qualified youth leaders. The discoveries represented that members were discerning of the job and obligations of powerful initiative in giving quality consideration and training. This examination study gives a comprehension of ECE settings, jobs, obligations, and capacities, which influences ECE leaders in manners that cause them to expand the proficiency and adequacy of their instructive organization.
Copyright (c) 2023 Fariha Rehan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Federalism in Pakistan within Constitutional Frameworks
This article explores the application of federalism in Pakistan, following its development from the initial provisional constitution to the current one. It examines the legislative, executive, and monetary authority bestowed upon the federal and provincial governments of Pakistan under the country's three constitutions. The article concludes that the history of federalism in Pakistan highlights the significance of putting it into practice in accordance with its genuine spirit, embracing an interpretivist paradigm with a qualitative approach.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Tahir, Dr. Muhammad Usman Askari, Sajjad Ahmad Jatoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Considering the socioeconomic significance of the Indus Basin, the effect of climate the purpose of this paper is to elaborate the everyday information seeking practices of urban teens and the benefits they get from these practices; moreover, demographic details of participants are also elaborated. In Pakistan many studies have been carried out on information need and seeking behavior of diverse groups, but not a single study has been done so far on everyday information seeking of Pakistani urban teens. This research is a humble endeavor to understand their daily practices that may lead to design systems for fulfilling their everyday information needs. For this purpose, a quantitative study was conducted employing a sample of 1000 urban teen participants who responded to the survey. Cluster sampling was done and the Likert scale was used to assess the written questionnaires, which were analyzed on the statistical software SPSS-21. These teens were from public and private schools of Pakistan. This data was collected by using Google forms. The results indicated that an easy access to teen’s preferred sources would play important role in their lives. It would be helpful for academicians to understand the teens’ ELIS behavior and reasons of their preferred information sources. This study will also be helpful for policy makers and for librarians to introduce diverse information services in schools and curricula.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Saima Hanif, Dr. Nosheen Fatima Warraich (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Perception about Effectiveness of Capital Punishment as A Determining Factor in Punjab
Public perception about capital punishment in Pakistan has changed in the last few years. This perception is determined by numerous factors i.e., awareness about crimes and punishment. Capital punishment is very dangerous form of punishment which is used to control the serious crimes and consider as deterrence for the potential criminals. The risk of innocent execution and flaws in the police investigation system were also reason to oppose the capital punishment. It is quantitative cross-sectional study. According to Pakistan Crimes Statistics, crime rate is increasing day by day. Existing Literature on crime occurrence in Pakistan shows that crime rate is increasing rapidly due to poverty, urbanization, inflation and economic inequality among every field of life. The present research is quantitative in its nature. It is conducted in five district bar associations of Punjab Province. A sample of six hundred lawyers is randomly selected data is collected through self-administered questioner and statistically analyzed. The results of descriptive and inferential analysis shows that majority of the respondents supported capital punishment on account of many reasons while many other respondents opposed it on some other grounds. Multivariate analysis results pointed out a strong relationship between severity punishments and less cases of homicide. However, there was no relationship between the awareness of capital punishment and perceived effectiveness of capital punishment. There was an inverse relationship between reasons to oppose capital punishment and perceived effectiveness of capital punishment. The multi regression analysis revealed a strong association of awareness about punishment, crimes against person, crime against state and reasons to support capital punishment with effectiveness of capital punishment.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Falak Sher, Mudasar Ali Nadeem, Dr. Muhammad Umar Zafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simulacrum And Hyperreality in Cargill’s Day Zero
This study examines the simulacrum and simulation representation of postmodern society in Cargill's Day Zero in the postmodern theoretical paradigm of Baudrillard. The postmodern concept of hyperreality is concerned with concealing the truth behind reproductions that is twice removed from reality. The thorough study of the text shows how simulacra and simulation can produce highly real environments that seem to exist entirely outside of human reality. This writing is dystopian in nature because the hyperbolic representation of consumer society leads towards magic world which seems real due to its continuous practice. The protagonist of the story is a little boy named Ezra who uses a robot named Pounce to help him to navigate the post-apocalyptic world. Pounce, a fictitious nannybot, is the representation of consumer society due to its robotic implications. Pounce wonders over the elements of robot revolution that will exterminate humanity. This paper has analyzed the rebellious attitude of machinery such as by robots and other artificially intelligent computers against humans. Therefore, the ordinary and uninteresting state of the modern world eventually gives rise to the world of hyperreality, where everything appears to be more fascinating and less dry than the alleged desert of the real outside. In the context of this study, it is asserted that the postmodern person gets tired of the apparent artificiality of hyperreality and either strives to re-discover the real or confronts the meaningless wasteland left in the wake of the real’s absence. Through this analysis, the researcher has drawn the conclusion that reality has completely changed and that hyperreality is now the predominate reality. Therefore, the application of this study is valuable in demonstrating an understanding of the scope and impact of hyperreality, simulation, and simulacra on the postmodern individuals.
Copyright (c) 2023 Faiza Riasat Ali, Rana Abdul Munim Khan, Amina Aleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Positive Discourse Construction Around Dietary Sugars Consumption
Eco-advertisements promote products with environmentally friendly attributes. The way a product is perceived by the public can have a significant impact on its success. From shaping attitudes to influencing usage, the public's perception of a product is key. The consumption of dietary sugar products has become a topic of increasing concern worldwide, given its potential impact on the ecology of the human body. This research is also based on positive discourse construction around dietary sugar consumption by using an analysis of eco-advertisements from a semiotic and linguistic perspective.in Pakistan. “The objectives of this research are: firstly, to highlight the marked semiotic instances concerning eco-advertisements. Secondly, to identify lexical items that have positive connotations in context with dietary sugars products, and lastly, to interpret the semiotic and lexical evidence as a tool for constructing positive discourse. The data has been collected through simple random sampling and the basic framework of Arran Stibbe has been used for data analysis. The results of this study suggest that eco-advertising in Pakistan tend to employ persuasive techniques such as positive framing, emotional appeals, and visual symbolism to present dietary sugar consumption in a favorable light and these advertisements emphasize the natural origins of sugars and promote their nutritional benefits.
Copyright (c) 2023 Moushaffa Shahid, Dr. Maimoona Abdulaziz, Zaira Qayyum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Personality Traits as predictors of Job Satisfaction, Psychological Well Being and Emotional Intelligence among Primary school Teachers
Exploring the Influence of Personality Traits and Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction and Psychological Wellbeing among Primary School Teachers was the aim of this study. This study addresses the significant but under-researched issue of how personality traits and emotional intelligence impact the job satisfaction and psychological well-being of primary school teachers. Specifically, to address this issue, it was conducted a comprehensive examination involving 218 school teachers (103 female and 115 male) from various government and private schools located in Sangla Hill, Punjab. This study was conducted through a combination of instruments, including a Demographic form, the International Personality item Pool scale, the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire, Job Satisfaction scale, and the Psychological Wellbeing scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics, T-tests, and regression analysis and t-test were used to calculate the results this study. The findings of study revealed that both personality traits and emotional intelligence significantly influence the job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing of school teachers. In the concluding section, we discuss the implications, offer recommendations, and acknowledge the limitations of this study.
Copyright (c) 2024 Irum Shahzadi, Dr. Saleem Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Laughing on Caste, Women Bodies and Skin Color
Punjabi stage dramas are a popular form of entertainment in Punjab and share a close relationship with the Punjabi people as they represent the culture and values of this region. However, these Punjabi stage dramas have become a platform thriving on humiliation, body shaming, misogyny, and eroticism. The present research focuses on finding the major types of dark humor present in Punjabi stage dramas. Also, it focuses on analyzing how the use of dark humor challenges people’s self-esteem, and body image and how it humiliates the basic institution of marriage. This research made use of qualitative content analysis as a research design and carefully observed the episodes of stage dramas available on social media until reaching the point of saturation. After thematic analysis, the results of the study yielded five major themes that determined the major types of dark humor. The themes included prejudice based on caste, dark skin color, and appearance. Moreover, urban supremacy and rural prejudice were also found to be present in the stage dramas. The present research, being the first-ever study to be conducted in this field, explains the phenomenon under study from a cultural lens and also aims to contribute to the literature by providing a base for future studies in the field of sociology of humor.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hira Siddique, Muhammad Rizwan Safdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate change is inevitable, and developing countries such as Pakistan are more affected by it than any other state in the region. Floods, droughts, and harsh weather will put pressure on depleting resources. In a poverty-stricken country where health, education, and housing are the main issues, climate-responsive policies are of least concern. Mass migration for better living standards has triggered urbanization, causing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions on an unparalleled scale in cities, which is the major contributor to climate change. The five carbon-emitting sectors in Pakistan are Building Industry, transportation, land use and land cover change, energy, and municipal solid waste. The data is collected from primary and secondary sources. The theoretical lens of this study is based on rational comprehensive theory. Data analysis uses qualitative research methodology, focusing more on document analysis. The research concludes that a crippled economy coupled with grave social issues has made the government non-functional against the eradication of GHG emissions and weakened its stance against climate change. Limited data, lack of crisis management, poor or no legislative actions, bureaucratic loopholes, and resource insufficiency have made matters even worse. The study further suggests that cross-disciplinary research and development on carbon reduction technologies to suit indigenous climates is indispensable. Carbon pricing should be ensured at industrial and commercial levels to curb GHG emissions, making cities more resilient against climate change.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Muhammad Usman Askari, Muhammad Noor E Elahi Mirza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND CHALLENGES
Chinese one belt one road is a huge project which will integrate Asia, Europe, and Africa through roads and maritime routes. Sixty-seven countries are the subject of this project. Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project were announced by the Chinese president Xi Jinping in Kazakhstan in September 2013. After one month Xi Jinping purposed the Maritime Silk route project which would connect China with South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe via sea route. Initially, this project was proposed as the ‘New Silk Road’ but was changed with ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) and after 2017, it was named as “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) (Chan, 2019). It comprises two components, first land route is the old Silk Road from China to Europe via Central Asia and the Middle East. The second route contains the maritime Silk Route, which begins from East Asia to South Asia via Gwadar connects Africa and the Middle and reaches from Suez Canal to Europe. One belt One Road will connect 67 countries to enhance economic integration between Asia, Europe, and Africa (Miller, 2017). China has purposed six corridors under one belt and one road. Following are the six corridors: Central-China and West-Asia Economic Corridor (CCWAC), China Peninsula Economic Corridor (CICPEC), China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor (CMREC), New Eurasian Land Bridge (NELB), Bangladesh China India Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIMEC), and China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) (Amir, 2016). Jonathan E. Hillman (2018) director of Reconnecting Asia Project estimated that the investment of this project is from 1 trillion to 8 trillion US dollars (Hillman, 2018). It is said after the US Marshal Plan, it is the biggest plan in the world and it would increase Chinese influence in the world.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Tahir, Dr Muhammad Usman Askari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Issues In Representations of Ghalib’s Thought in The Renderings Presented In “A Dance of Sparks”
Annemarie Schimmel (1922 - 2003) was a German orientalist, mystic, Islamic scholar, and Orientalist. She was particularly interested in Islam and the Near East. Within the context of Islamic civilization, there are numerous books in various languages. Schimmel was influenced by the ideas and theories of Iqbal. She translated and wrote about Bang-e-Dara, Payam-e-Mashriq, and Javed Nama in the German language. In addition, Schimmel was an influential orientalist and most eminent scholar of Ghalibiat. A Dance of Sparks is a very significant contribution to the field of Ghalibiat due to its theme, contents, and study of fire imagery in Mirza Ghalib's poetry. Schimmel, in this book, has translated several verses from Ghlib's Urdu and Persian poetry. In this article writer has evaluated the Urdu renderings’ for as the quality of these translations is concerned, is not a good example. Schimmel failed to transmit the faithful and true impact of Ghalib’s poetry.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Muhammad Qasim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prosodic Contradictions in Mira Jee's Poems
Meera Jee while doing his creative experiments in the traditional structures of poem, tried to give a new face to the Urdu poem. While using metres (Bahur)he followed Hindi and Punjabi patterns. His poetic temperament is similar to Behr-e-Mutaqarib. He used Maqtu syllables of Mutadarik along with Mutaqarib in an innovative style. He used the metres with a special technique. His all poems are in these metres and their dissection is possible along with different and diverse Zahafaat( A term of Ilm-e-Uruz). He combined the Behr-e-Mutaqarib Aslum, Ashram, and Maqbooz Aslum. At times, he used the Syllable of Behr-e-Mutadarik i.e. Fa-e-lun. Because of these techniques, all of his controversial poems can be factorized. His innovative sense of taste liked the experiments. As he was, actually in search of a new poetic rhythm that is why he broke down the Prosodic restrictions. Meera Jee tried to slow down the pace of this metre. He courageously tried to join the Zahafaat of the closest meters in order to create a new meter. These two meters are closest to each other because Abul Hasan Akhfush created Behr-e-Mutaqarib out of Behr-e-Mutadarik. Because of the usage of Zahafaati faces of the meter, he seems to breathe freely in the poems and seems to be experiencing towards more freedom by creating long lines of poems. The existence of musicality in his inner being and his understanding of the syllables of meters made him use the syllable of Fa-e-lun along with Fe-lun. In his poems, Meera Jee using freely the Zahafaat of two meters i.e. Behr-e-Mutaqarib created out of Behr-e-Mutadarik, and by remaining close to the prevailing structure of Prosody tried to experiment with new system of Prosody by using Zahafaat under his self-created rules, thus paving the way for a new meter for his poems.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Muhammad Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Water Innovation and Challenges for Sustainable Solutions
The study uncovers the barriers, drivers and enablers of WASH sector innovation in Pakistan. the conducive for water innovation are also unpin though primary and secondary data. Pakistan is the 6th most populous country, is properly-endowed with water, water availability according to person is relatively low. The scope of the study is limited to three main indicators of the water innovation evaluated through primary and secondary data. It was due to time and resource management issues. Although, the broader context of the all possible barriers, drivers and enablers are also highlighted for being the significant indicators for innovation. The conceptual framework opted for this study consists of three pillars i.e. concepts and elements, potential benefits & barriers and similarities and differences. The study opted for both qualitative and quantitative data to evaluate and address the specific objectives of the study. The reverse avert nature of the WASH sector has found to be a barrier to water innovation on the basis data analysis. The regulatory system is the enabler for efficiency and performance as it was intended, originally, however it has proved to be barrier due to its insistence over time. Knowledge sharing, collaboration and trust were identified as major enablers of innovation in water sector. The government, academia and industry lack coordination mechanisms. The policy and regulatory regime is a slow process in Pakistan. The post 18th amendment scenario has widened the gap at federal and provincial level for coordinated efforts in this regards. The Government (in the form of local government system) may have the opportunity to develop public-private partnership for water innovation. The analysis depicts the engagement of all stakeholders to implement policy and regulatory mechanism through improved efficiency standards for WASH sector. Above all, it is found that water is social phenomenon. Without engagement and coordination of all stakeholders, it would not be possible to opt innovative approaches to ensure optimal utilization of this scarce resource in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Ali Sheikh, Kashif Zaheer, Sady Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0