Development of Immoral Practices in Sports Scale (IPSS)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36755/themind.V3i1.100Keywords:
Contextual Values, Righteousness, Foul Justification, Foul Motivation, Cheating Factors, Sports, Immoral PracticesAbstract
The present research work focuses on the development and validation of the Immoral Practices in Sports Scale (IPSS) for athletes. Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura theory of morality was the guideline for theoretical framework. Initially the pools of items were generated through in depth and rigorous interviews and literature studies. Ten qualitative interviews were conducted from various sports athletes in different disciplines. The scale was administered to a sample size of N=282 athletes to establish its psychometric properties and validation. The reliability and consistency of the IPSS were found to be satisfactory and acceptable i.e .79. Sphericity test of Bartlett’s was also considered to determine even minute relationship between variables. For holding the factors Kaiser’s criterion is the accurate measure when the number of variables is >.30 and the resulting commonalities (after extraction) are all larger than .70. Kaiser’s criterion is also precise when the sample size surpasses 250 and the average commonality is larger than or equal to .60. The scree plot and its elbow shape indicated the presence of four distinct factors, which were further confirmed through EFA and CFA. The first factor, "Cheating Factors," consisted of 11 items. The second factor, "Foul Motivation," included 5 items. The third factor, "Foul Justification," comprised 7 items, and the fourth factor, "Righteousness," included 4 items. Through Varimax rotation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the four components were labeled as Foul Justification, Cheating Factors, Foul Motivation, and Righteousness. The final version of the IPSS consists of 27 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree). One item (Item 22) was removed due to low factor loading. The development of the IPSS was carried out with careful consideration of contextual values, societal norms, and cultural standards, ensuring its relevance and applicability.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Muneeb Ul Haq, Professor Dr. Rukhsana Kausar (Author)
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