The Mind-Journal of Psychology encourages and appreciates social scientists to work with loyalty, originality, and innovation in the field of Psychology including clinical Psychology, applied psychology, developmental psychology, industrial psychology, and other branches of psychology. This journal covers a broad range of topics from clinical psychopathology to positive psychology. The journal publishes both qualitative and quantitative research. The area of interest is related to human psychology, from identification to treatments of mental disorders as well as psychometrics.
Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus
Islamic Temporal Focus, Fatigue and Work-Life Balance in Information Technology Professionals
This study explores how Islamic Temporal Focus (ITF) and fatigue influence work-life balance (WLB) in Muslim Information Technology (IT) Professionals working in different institutes across Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional correlation design, participants (N=525) were selected through stratified sampling, and responded to the standardised measures of Islamic Temporal Focus (Aldahadha & Al Dwakat, 2024), Fatigue Assessment Scale (A. Shahid et al., 2011) and Hayman’s Work-Life Balance Scale (Hayman, 2005). Correlational analysis indicated that a stronger ITF is associated with greater overall WLB. The mediation analysis conducted using the PROCESS macro revealed that Fatigue partially mediated the association between the ITF-WLB and the outcome. Such as higher ITF predicted lower fatigue, which in results predicted higher WLB. The findings revealed that a spiritually informed time orientation can contribute to the ability of individuals to meet work demands and balance work and personal life effectively. Specifically, the current research indicates that the application of Islamic time values to workplace policies and IT training by incorporating schedules with prayer times, encouraging meaningful time utilisation, and exemplifying balanced living, can result in the improvement of work-life balance as the temporal orientation of values, but not just fatigue reduction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faizan Nawaz, Wazeer Ullah Khan, Dr. Muhammad Umar Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in College Students
This study looked at the prevalence and determinants of mental health issues among 300 college students in Sialkot. Neurotic and psychotic symptoms were evaluated using the Student Problems Checklist (SPCL) and the Signs and Symptoms Inventory (SSI), which was translated into Urdu. The majority of students showed moderate to severe psychological distress, according to the results, and there were notable positive connections between the SSI subscales and SPCL variables. Gender, sector, and father's educational background were found to be significant predictors using regression analysis, suggesting that female students and those attending private colleges were at greater risk. Mental health problems were also predicted by psychological factors such anxiety, hysteria, neurotic depression, and psychotic depression. The results highlight the need for campus-based mental health interventions in Pakistan that are sensitive to cultural differences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anila Sarwar , Naida Aslam, Shafia Akram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Family Dynamics and Life-Satisfaction among Young Adults
The nature and importance of family dynamics and its magnitudes are inimitable in collectivistic culture. The current study aimed to find the uniqueness of the relationship between family dynamics and life satisfaction among young adults. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed on a sample of (n=300) male and female university students aged 19 to 22 years (M=20.40 & SD=1.08), recruited through convenience sampling. Participants completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (a=0.78) and the Family APGAR Scale (A-Adaptability, P-Partnership, G-Growth, A-Affection, R-Resolve Conflict) (a=0.74). Correlational analyses revealed that all dimensions of family functioning were positively associated with life satisfaction, with affection and conflict resolution showing the strongest relatedness. Hierarchical regression analysis further indicated that both family affection (p=0.01*) and conflict resolution (p=0.01*) significantly predicted life satisfaction, even after controlling for demographic factors. Socioeconomic status (M=2 & SD=0.33 and p=0.004**) also emerged as a meaningful predictor, suggesting that economic stability enhances the benefits of positive family interactions. The results underscore the need for culturally informed family interventions and support programs that strengthen affectionate communication and constructive conflict resolution, particularly in economically disadvantaged families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashaf Akram, Anila Sarwar, 3. Dr. Syed Muhammad Imran Haider Zaidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Qualitative Inquiry of Homesickness, Psychological Problems, and Coping Responses among Female University Hostelites
This qualitative study examined the lived experiences of homesickness, psychological problems, and coping responses among female university hostelites. Using purposive sampling, six subjects (n=6), aged 17 to 22 years, residing resided in university hostel for at least last six months. Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted to gather the qualitative data, enabling participants to freely and confidentially discuss their experiences. Their shared experienced were examined with the help of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Subthemes of homesickness included difficulty in adjusting, desire to live in home, and longing for family members. Subthemes of psychology problems experienced by the participants were sleep difficulties, sadness, feelings of loneliness, and intense anger. Subthemes, identified regarding their responses towards homesickness and psychological problems, were seeking support from friends, expanding social circle, cognitive reframing, patience, regulating emotions, and keeping oneself busy as well. The overall findings revealed how female university hostelites experienced homesickness and psychological problems while staying away from home. Their coping responses towards homesickness and psychological problems helped them in adjusting in hostel, and as well as overcoming psychological issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maham Haroon, Dr. Riffat Sadiq, Ms. Sumaira Hayat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Caffeine use on Adults' Sleep & Memory
This study aimed to investigate the relationships between caffeine consumption, sleep quality, and memory performance among adults aged 26 to 44 years. Using a correlational research design, 100 participants from Allied Hospital II in Faisalabad, Pakistan, were recruited through purposive sampling. Participants completed three standardized and validated questionnaires: the Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (CCQ), the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Descriptive analyses indicated moderate caffeine consumption and variable cognitive failures and sleep quality across the sample. Correlational analyses revealed significant positive relationships among caffeine intake, cognitive lapses, and sleep quality. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that caffeine consumption, cognitive failure, and sleep quality together explained 33% of the variance in the dependent outcome, with each predictor showing significant contributions. Independent samples t-tests identified gender differences, with females reporting higher caffeine intake and poorer sleep quality compared to males, while cognitive failure scores were similar across genders. The findings suggest that habitual caffeine use may influence cognitive functioning, particularly long-term memory, and that sleep quality is an important factor interrelated with both caffeine consumption and cognitive performance. These results highlight the importance of considering lifestyle factors such as caffeine intake in cognitive and behavioral health research. Limitations related to self-reported data and cross-sectional design are acknowledged. Future research using longitudinal methods and more diverse populations is recommended to clarify causal pathways and inform tailored public health guidelines on caffeine use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samreen Afzal, Imtiaz Ahmad Dogar, Kainat Shehzadi, Ayesha Tariq, Wajeeha Andleeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Immoral Practices in Sports Scale (IPSS)
The present research work focuses on the development and validation of the Immoral Practices in Sports Scale (IPSS) for athletes. Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura theory of morality was the guideline for theoretical framework. Initially the pools of items were generated through in depth and rigorous interviews and literature studies. Ten qualitative interviews were conducted from various sports athletes in different disciplines. The scale was administered to a sample size of N=282 athletes to establish its psychometric properties and validation. The reliability and consistency of the IPSS were found to be satisfactory and acceptable i.e .79. Sphericity test of Bartlett’s was also considered to determine even minute relationship between variables. For holding the factors Kaiser’s criterion is the accurate measure when the number of variables is >.30 and the resulting commonalities (after extraction) are all larger than .70. Kaiser’s criterion is also precise when the sample size surpasses 250 and the average commonality is larger than or equal to .60. The scree plot and its elbow shape indicated the presence of four distinct factors, which were further confirmed through EFA and CFA. The first factor, "Cheating Factors," consisted of 11 items. The second factor, "Foul Motivation," included 5 items. The third factor, "Foul Justification," comprised 7 items, and the fourth factor, "Righteousness," included 4 items. Through Varimax rotation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the four components were labeled as Foul Justification, Cheating Factors, Foul Motivation, and Righteousness. The final version of the IPSS consists of 27 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree). One item (Item 22) was removed due to low factor loading. The development of the IPSS was carried out with careful consideration of contextual values, societal norms, and cultural standards, ensuring its relevance and applicability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Muneeb Ul Haq, Professor Dr. Rukhsana Kausar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Translation, and Validation of the Psychic Pain Scale
Psychic pain is an emotional state which is associated with intense psychological pain and is an important construct especially for adolescents. The aim of the study was to translate and validate the Psychic Pain Scale developed by Lewis et al., 2020 scale in Urdu language on adolescents (15-18 yrs). Back translation method was used for translation and adaptation of scale. The scale was given to 300 school and college going girls and boys aged 15-18 years. The reliability of translated version was high (Cronbach’s α = .898) which indicated strong internal consistency. This paper discusses translation process along with cultural relevance and potential application of said scale in academic and clinical context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Huma Ali , Dr. Tanveer Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SELF-EFFICACY AND INTERNALIZED PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN PHYSICALLY DISABLED ADOLESCENTS
The restriction on an individual’s physical functioning, mobility and other functions of daily living pertains to impact one’s life in many aspects. But psychological buildups are of more important in order to adjust with physical disability in routine life. The current study stressed on to explore the relationship between self-efficacy and internalized psychological problems (depression, anxiety and stress) in physically disabled adolescents and find the gender differences in self-efficacy and internalized psychological problems. The sample was consisted of 100 adolescents (50 males and 50 females-age ranging from 13 to 17 years) were selected from the special educational institutes of physically disabled adolescents, Lahore. The Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1993), DASS-21 (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and Demographic Form was used in this research to measure the variables. The data was analyzed through SPSS and Pearson Product Coefficient Correlation and independent sample t-test were used. Results showed the significant negative correlation between self-efficacy and internalized psychological problems. Gender differences were significant on self-efficacy and internalized psychological problems.
Copyright (c) 2021 M. Ali Jawad Raza, Dr. Memoona Mushtaq, Sajjad Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AM I OVER-SLEEPER? OVERSLEEPING AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: MEDIATING ROLE OF MENTAL WELLBEING
Sleep and mental well-being play crucial roles in the normal cognitive functioning of university students. The present study aims to explore the predictive roles of oversleeping and mental well-being in the relationship with cognitive function. Cross-sectional research design was used. A total of 359 university students (male=161 and female=198), selected by purposive sampling, completed the survey, adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results reveal a significant negative correlation between university students’ oversleeping and cognitive functioning (r=-0.173, p<0.01) as well as mental well-being (r=-0.372, p<0.01). Multiple regression analysis confirms that both oversleeping (β=0.107, t=2.713, p=0.007) and Cognitive Functioning (β=0.754, t=19.084, p=0.000) are significant predictors of mental well-being. Mediation analysis was done through AMOS. Results showed partial mediation. Mediation analysis indicates that mental well-being serves as a significant mediator (p=0.000) with an estimated value of 0.407 (SE=0.21, p=0.000). These findings underscore the importance of incorporating mental well-being and sleep duration considerations into interventions aimed at promoting cognitive health among university students.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sidra Ilyas, Alia Asmat, Muhammad Iqbal Naeem, Haleema Khatoon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF CBT BASED RELAPSE PREVENTION THERAPY IN REDUCING RELAPSE RISK AND CRAVING AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER
Present study explored the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Relapse Prevention Techniques (CBT-BRPT) in reducing relapse risk and craving among individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). Drawing from a comprehensive literature review, the study addressed the pressing need for evidence-based interventions to combat SUD and its associated challenges. Present study employed a Pre-Experimental Research Design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach, utilized the purposive sampling to recruit a sample of 50 male participants seeking treatment for SUD. The instruments utilized include the Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS), the Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS), and a Demographic Information Form. Results demonstrated significant reductions in both craving and relapse risk among participants who received CBT-BRPT intervention. These findings underscore the importance of CBT-BRPT as a viable treatment option for individuals with SUD, offering promising implications for clinical practice and substance abuse treatment programs. Despite limitations such as sample size and absence of a control group, the study's findings advocate for the integration of CBT approaches into existing treatment modalities and call for further research to validate the efficacy of CBT interventions in addressing substance use disorders comprehensively.
Copyright (c) 2022 Hassan Imran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF WOMEN’S EDUCATION STATUS AND ITS BARRIERS IN PAKISTAN
Education has a tremendous impact on a woman's capacity to build relationships with others based on shared interests and to experience the essential social benefit of self-esteem. Pakistan has one of the lowest schooling rates in South Asia, which limits its human resources and makes reforming the country more difficult. Patriarchal ideas heavily influence the societal structure in Pakistan. Education for young men is favored over education for young women. The Human Development Report lists Pakistan as having "low human advancement" The country's growth and prosperity depend on its educational system. Several international traditions have talked about the value of education. Each level of education that the average adult population of a country reaches boosts long-term economic growth by 3.7%. Research shows that mentoring young women often yields more substantial income and benefit gains. A woman's ability to find well-paying work and support a healthy family can be significantly increased by education. Education is also greatly impacted by a girl or woman's capacity to stand up for other rights and grow in society. Pakistan's recent political unrest has affected education. This has a significant impact on education, especially for women.
Copyright (c) 2021 Zahid Hussain, Dr. Muhammad Ishaq, Muhammad Imran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEER PRESSURE AS PREDICTOR OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: ROLE OF IMPULSIVITY
The purpose of present study was examined Peer Pressure as Predictor of Delinquent Behavior and Impulsivity as moderating role among adolescents. Self-Report Delinquency Scale (naqvi, 2005), Peer Pressure Assessment Scale (PPAS; Mehmood et al., 2012) and Impulsivity by Impulsiveness scale (Biss-11; Patton et al.,1995), individually administered to check peer pressure, Delinquency and level of impulsiveness, the relationship in above mentioned variables the Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used. Multiple Regressions was applied to check prediction. Results revealed that there was a strong relationship among delinquent behavior, peer pressure; Impulsiveness and Delinquent Behavior Furthermore findings suggested that healthy and mentally positive bond with peers, and strong self-control will become less delinquent behavior shows less impulsive behavior among adolescents (Rotter, 2000).
Copyright (c) 2021 Aqsa Sattar, Dr. Sadia Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERCEIVED PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS RELATION WITH WELL-BEING AMONG ADULTS
In many circumstances of life, personality has been proven to be more closely linked with wellbeing. It may also be due to the fact that temperament and other individual’s characteristics can impact their sentiments and assessments of their lives. The present study primarily aimed to investigate mental health problems among adolescents of Pakistan. In the present study 306 adolescents participated, the sample was drawn from different colleges and universities located in the city of Faisalabad and Lahore, Pakistan. Descriptive Statistics, Correlation analysis, and t-statistics were employed to analyze the data in statistical terminology. Our results reveal that extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness are strongly positively correlated with wellbeing, meanwhile, openness is not strongly correlated with both dimensions of wellbeing. However, neuroticism has no correlation with happiness and negatively associated with life satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2021 Fahdha Razzaq, Sadaf Razzaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OBSESSIVE LOVE, LONELINESS, AND REPETITIVE THINKING AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Young adults specifically university students are considered the bright future of any state however they have been suffering from various mental health issues. There could be different reasons behind the development of emotional and psychological distress among the young generation. The current study aimed to explore Obsessive Love, Loneliness, and Repetitive Thinking Among University Students. Current study is a correlational study. This study was carried out in Faisalabad from November 2021 to April 2022. The sample for this research was N=400 (n=200 men, n=200 women) university students that were selected through a convenient sampling strategy from different universities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ; McEvoy, Mahoney & Moulds, 2010), UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russel, 1996), and Extreme Love Beliefs Scale (Doron et al., 2014) were used for the variables under study. The Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and t-test were performed to assess the proposed hypotheses of current research through SPSS version 26. The results showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.001) among all variables moreover it was also observed that obsessive love and loneliness predicted repetitive thinking among university students.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ayesha Riaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RELATIONSHIP AMONG EXPERIENTIAL AVOIDANCE, COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES, AND DEPRESSION
Depression is a prevalent psychiatric illness and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Experiential Avoidance (EA) and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies are significant predictors of depression, yet their interaction remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between experiential avoidance, CER strategies, and depression, while examining the arbitrating role of maladaptive CER strategies in the association between EA and depression. A purposive sample of N= 354 patients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder was recruited from three teaching hospitals. Following research and clinical ethics protocols, measures were administered. Results revealed that participants in the treatment group N=38 demonstrated statistically significant improvement in depression, general health, and quality of life, with sustained effects observed at 9 months post-baseline. Additionally, participants in the treatment group reported higher treatment satisfaction compared to the control group N=38. Spiritual-integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) shows promise in alleviating post-partum depression when compared to treatment as usual. Future research should explore the generalizability of these findings and investigate potential mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of spirituality-integrated CBT in treating depression.
Copyright (c) 2022 Nazia Ishfaq, Dr. Naeem Ullah Leghari, Aroob Fatima, Muhammad Mansoor Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The use of social media has contributed to rising aggression and social isolation in adolescents. Current research examined the relationship of social media use, aggression, and social isolation among adolescents. Meezan International School and Divisional Public School were selected for data collection from Sahiwal city. Sample was included 200 participants as 100 girls and 100 boys. This study used UCLA Loneliness Scale, Aggression Questionnaire and Social Use Survey to measure social isolation, aggression, and social media use, respectively. SPSS (27 version) was used for statistical analyses and remarkable findings were obtained. Results of current study depicted that social media usage does not increase the level of aggression and social isolation in adolescents. Further, social isolation increases due to the increase of aggression and vice versa. Moreover, current study depicted that social media use was a significant predictor of aggression and non-significant predictor of social isolation in our society. Furthermore, there was a prominent difference of social media use, aggression and social isolation in adolescent boys and girls. Girls use more social media as compared to boys and boys are more socially isolated and aggressive than girls in adolescence.
Copyright (c) 2022 Saliha Naveed , Memoona Rauf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SELF-IMAGE AND SELF-ESTEEM IN CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA
Children with dyslexia often face challenges beyond academic performance, which can lead to negative self-perceptions and reduced self-esteem. The association between self-image and self-esteem was assessed in the current study of sixty children with dyslexia (boys = 36, girls = 24). It was assumed that the self-image and self-esteem of children with dyslexia were directly associated with dyslexia. It was also hypothesized that children with dyslexia would have a negative self-image and low self-esteem. Children of 7-12 years (M = 9.7 SD = 1.66) were recruited from English medium schools of Faisalabad for the study. The Bangor Dyslexia Test was used as a quick screening device for finding out whether the subject’s difficulties were or were not typically dyslexic. Urdu version of Self Image Profile (Butler, 1998) was administered to children to find their self-image (positive and negative) and self-esteem (low and high). The results suggested that most children with dyslexia had a negative self-image and low self-esteem. Results depicted that 63 % of the sample had a negative self-image and 60 % of the sample had low self-esteem. Boys showed more negative self-image than girls; on the contrary, girls showed lower self-esteem than boys. It was concluded that children with dyslexia showed a negative self-image and low self-esteem. The findings of the current study might be helpful for the parents and the school teachers to get acquainted with the issue of dyslexia in the school population and its impact on their academic performance.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Maqsood Iqbal , Saira Khan , Tariq Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Is Intimate Partner Violence A Threat on Job Performance of Women in Pakistan?
The pressing issue of intimate partner violence against women that transmits its impact in generations, needs to be addressed on priority basis. The current study was designed to assess the impact of partner violence on women’s job performance in the milieu of Pakistan. The convenient sample of 100 married women, aged between 18 and 49(M= 39.66, SD=10.67)) years was selected from four cities (viz., Multan, Bahawalpur, Khanewal and Vehari) of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected via demographic data sheet, Job Performance Survey, and the intimate partner violence was measured via Conflict Tactics Scale. The results of the Binary logistic model showed that emotional and physical violence along with household size, number of children below age of 5 significantly negatively impacted whereas, years of schooling of women and women’s income significantly positively impacted the likelihood of women ‘s job performance. The results have implications for all the organizations, where women work. When women do not show up their motivation for work and do not perform well at work, the administration should look at their negative circumstances at home and other demographics, before taking decisions to suspend them from their jobs.
Copyright (c) 2023 Syeda Azra Batool, Syeda Shahida Batool, Ramish Batool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Personality Traits on Emotional Regulation Among University Students
The results revealed significant links between personality traits and emotional regulation. Extraversion was negatively associated with both Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression, suggesting extroverted students use these strategies less. Openness was positively linked to Expressive Suppression, meaning open individuals tend to suppress emotional expressions more. Neuroticism was a strong predictor for both regulation strategies, indicating emotionally unstable individuals rely more on these methods. These findings emphasize the importance of considering personality traits when addressing emotional regulation in students. Understanding these connections can guide the development of personalized emotional support and intervention strategies to enhance students’ mental well-being and academic success.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Maria Anwar Khan, Amna Siddique, Lalarukh Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender Differences in Perceived Stress, Couple Satisfaction, And Coping Mechanism Among Married Patients with Bipolar Disorder
This comparative study investigated gender differences in perceived stress, couple satisfaction, and coping mechanisms among married individuals with bipolar disorder. Employing a cross-sectional design, 200 participants (86 women, 114 men; aged 25–40 years) diagnosed with bipolar disorder (DSM-5-tr criteria, manic episodes 2–3) were recruited via purposive sampling from both outdoor and indoor department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Allied II Hospital, Faisalabad. The study was conducted from 8th December 2023 to 31st August 2024. Validated instruments—Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI-32), and Coping Scale (CS-13)—were administered. Analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between adaptive coping and couple satisfaction (r = 0.416, p < 0.01), while perceived stress showed negligible associations with both coping (r = 0.082) and satisfaction (r = –0.040). Regression confirmed stress did not predict coping (R² = 0.007, p = 0.24). Gender disparities emerged in couple satisfaction (d = 0.91), with women reporting higher scores (M = 115.67 vs. M = 100.53 for men), likely linked to women’s prioritization of emotional intimacy and men’s societal suppression of emotional expression. Despite minimal gender differences in stress (d = 0.06) and coping (d = 0.01), this study underscores the pivotal role of adaptive coping in enhancing marital satisfaction among married individuals with bipolar disorder, with women demonstrating markedly higher satisfaction tied to emotional intimacy and men’s outcomes influenced by societal emotional suppression. Gender-sensitive interventions—such as dyadic programs blending emotional validation for women and collaborative problem-solving for men—are critical to mitigating marital strain. Future research should prioritize longitudinal and culturally diverse designs to refine therapeutic strategies for bipolar populations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Samreen Afzal, Prof. Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad Dogar, Saba Zanib, Wajeeha Andleeb, Aqsa Altaf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Voter Gender, Background and Exposure on Voting Behaviour of Pakistani Citizen
The study aimed to investigate the impact of voter gender, background and exposure on the voting behavior of Pakistani citizens. A purposive sample consisting of 115 participants with a distribution of 58 men and 57 women were conveniently drawn from Lahore and Jahanian respectively. Voting behavior was measured by Decision to Vote Scale (Muhammad & Hasan, 2016). Factorial ANOVA was applied to determine the effect of voter gender, voter background and voting exposure on voting behavior of Pakistani citizens. Findings indicated that rural and urban voters differ significantly in terms of their voting behavior. Furthermore, analysis on subscales indicated that voters with rural background are more likely to make voting decisions rationally, moreover, consider the personal identity of the candidate and the fulfillment of their own motives as compared to voters with urban background. However, men and women, newly and previously registered voters did not differ in terms of their voting behavior. This research has wide implications for the politicians and voters to gain an insight about the factors which influence the voting decision of the Pakistani citizens.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hassan Jabeer Muhammad, Dr. Syeda Salma Hasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Non-suicidal self-injury is one of the most maladaptive behavior common in emerging adults. There is extensive research on the risk factors and the pathways leading to NSSI. However, there is scarce research on the protective factors that can aid in cessation and managing NSSI in self-injurers. Therefore, the present study explored the protective factors that can be utilized by self-injurers to reduce the intensity and frequency of NSSI. Methods: The current study is qualitative study based on phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 self-injurers between ages of 18 to 29 years (emerging adults) recruited through purposive sampling. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to identify protective factors against NSSI by understanding lived experiences of self-injurers. Results: Five super-ordinate themes emerged which were Religious Coping, Family Support, Fear of Permanent Scars, Emotional Liberation and Self-distraction. These factors were found to be effective in reducing NSSI urges in self-injurers. Conclusion: The protective factors suggested by this study can assist in forming interventions to reduce the risk of NSSI among emerging adults, and would help clinician in devising and using relevant techniques for cessation and reducing NSSI.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soulat Khan, Dr. Tasnim Rehna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0